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The  Nervous  system  consists  of  nerves  that take  messages from our senses  to the  brain.It is  the communication  and control network of the human  body.Nerves  are made  up  of  long thin cells,called neurons.Nerves  carry  information  from  the  skin,eyes,ears  and  mouth,telling  the brain what is going on outside  the body.Instructions from  the  brain are sent , to the muscle cells at the right time and to the right place regarding every  movement we make.Our spinal cord is connected  directly  to our brain.From  the spinal  cord,nerves radiate out   reaching  every part of the body.Each nerve has thousand of individual  nerve cells which  carry electrical signals to  and from the spinal  cord and brain.The brain  looks like a giant ,wrinkled  walnut.The brain  and spinal  cord are surrounded and protected   by cerebration fluid .The central nervous  system  is connected   to every part of the body  by 43 pairs of nerves.There  are  nearly  45 miles 

Our  skin  is  a protective  layer  between   the body  and its  external environment.It  works  as   a  sensor to mo niter  changes  in exterior  physical   conditions.Different  kinds  of  situations such  as heat,cold,pain and pressure,provoke different types   of nerve  cells,in the skin.Thus  ,the  brain   is  sent  the  useful information of the happenings,outside the body,and  it in turn, commands   an action  to different   parts  of the body.For example,when  we happen to  hold a flower  with  a thorn and detect  pain,message  from   the arm  are sent  to  the spine.A spine  sends  this message  to  the brain    and  brain  command  the hand muscles   to throw  the flower.All  this  happens  in less than  one   second.Thus  , these  nerve cells prevent  our body  from  damage or injury.Our  skin  feels  the pressure and the pain,so  we feel  when  our finger is cut  by knife.There  are millions  of microscopic   nerve endings  under  the  surface  that  detect 

adve advertising advertising th="300"> An eye work like a camera  that takes  pictures of the world around us.Without them,it would   become  very difficult for us ,to do even a small task.When we look at an object,Light  rays enter  through  the pupil.A  colored   part in  an eye, called  Iris ,controls  the amount of light entering  into  the eyes.When  the light falls on a curved  transparent    lens of the eye,it  bends  the light so that  a clear picture is formed at the back of the eye on the area called retina.As our vision  changes our brain  makes a series  of pictures,hundreds of times  a second.The nerves  in the brain make a sense  of the pictures-like changes in colour,finding edges,recognizing shades  and recognizing shapes of the objects.There are three types   of the objects.There are three types of colour sensitive cells in our eyes that recognize red ,blue  and green.All  other colors are formed with the  combination of

Any  sound playing a drum  ,song , music  is a vibration  which  travel  along the air  waves .These   sound vibration reach  an  cardrum.The  cardrum   is attached  to  a bone -called   hammer .This hammer  passes   the sound  onto   two  more  bones  called  anvil and stirrup.These    two  bones  transmit  the sound vibration  to inner ear   where these  sounds  are converted   into electrical  signals  that our brain  can interpret.We  can  differentiate  between high  and low volume   and pitch.Our   ears  not only  allows  us  to hear  but  they also  help  us to  keep  our balance.We  can also  detect  the direction of the sound.The  one of the outer part of the ear is called Penna.is used   to find out the direction of the sound.The smallest  bone  is the stirrup  it is hardly  larger than  grain  of rice.The ears  and nose  do  not  have  bones.Their  inner support  is cartilage or gristle   which is flexible  than bone. HUMAN  EAR  

A human nose  can distinguish around  4000 different  substances.We  use our nose  to breathe  and to smell.We can differentiate  the god and bad odor.Smell  floats in the air.We smell  things  we take in air  through  our noses.The sensory cells  in the nose,detect the smell and send message to the brain.Our sense  of smell  also  help  our sense of taste.So, our sense of smell and taste are  closely linked. Our tongue  receptors   differentiate  only four  types of taste qualities; sweet,sour,salt,and bitter.There  are thousands  of taste  buds all over  the tongue.These   survive  only for a matter of days  under go  rapid and continuous   replacement.Each  taste  bud  consist  of  sensory  cells  that  are  connected    to  the mid brain through taste  fibers.The  sensors  send  massage  to  the  brain about what we  are  eating.The  front  of the tongue  taste  sweet things,the sides of the tongue  taste  salty  and sour things.The back  of the tongue  tastes b

We   need food  to keep  us alive.What happens  to that food  inside our body? The process from  the moment  the food enter the mouth until  it mixes  into blood stream is called  digestion.Digestion  usually  takes up  to 18 hours.There are about  8 meters  of tubes and chambers inside our body that process  the food eaten by us.It consist of organs that  help in chewing ,swallowing,breakdown and absorption   of food as well as expulsion  from the body of what is left afer  the process.In  the mouth the  tongue and teeth  helps   in  breaking of food  .Then  this  bolus  is transferred  to the stomach after we swallow  it. Gastric juce in  the  stomach  ,is rich  in  hydrocloric  acid  and the protein-spilitting  enzyme  pepsin.Then  food reaches Duodenum through  a muscular   valve.The   pancreatic juce contains  enzymes for splitting  carbohydrate,protein and fat  in  the  food.Bile  a bitter liquid  in the liver  also   help  in this process.This  useful  digested 

We  need  energy to  do our  daily works.We  get  this  energy  from  the  food  that  we eat.When  we eat  ,teeth  help  in breaking the food  into pieces  ,and then    in our digestive  system,the  pulp   passes through  the stomach and  intestines.The useful  digested  food passes  through  the  intestine   into  the   blood,to  liver,and the  waste   products  are pushed  out of the body. That useful   digested  food is converted   into  energy   that  help  us in working.All  kinds  of food help  in  giving energy  to  the body.Balanced diet  play a very  important  role in giving  an appropriate amount  of energy   to the body.A   Balanced  diet  is  that  which  include a sufficient  amount  of all necessary nutrients like carbohydrate,protein,Minerals,water, fats etc.90%  of  our energy  comes from  fossil   fuels.The  main  source  of energy  is the sun  ,Plant make  their food   with  the help  of  the sunlight.    

Nails  are  part  of  our   toes  and fingertips.They  are  made  from hard keratin .Nails  grow  above  the fingertips, and  toes  in the form  of  dead cells,As  these   are dead  cells , their  cutting  does not cause bleeding  or pain. Teeth  help  us  to  speak clearly.They  also  give shape  to  the  face.But the most  important  function  of teeth  is  the chewing  of food.When  a  baby  is about  six months  old  ,20  primary  teeth begin  to  erupt  .These  are called  milk  teeth.Children   lose  their milk  teeth  and  grow  another  at  the   age  of  six years, which  are  replaced   by  permanent  teeth.Most  of  the  adults  ,have   a set  of  32  teeth  by the  age of 20.Teeth  are  of  different  shapes  and they  do  different  things .Teeth   are fixed  into  our  jaws.A tooth   has  an  outside  hard  layer  of enamel.This  covers  the dentine.It  is  the hardest   substance  of  the body.But  it tend  to be  eroded  and destroyed   by  the acid  pr

The  Spine  or vertebral,column has  two  main  functions;it serve  as a  protective  surrounding  for  the delicate  spinal  cord. and form the  supporting   back  bone of the Skeleton .The spine consist  of 24   separate   differently  shaped  bones vertebrae  with  a curved  ,triangular  bone the sacrum at the  bottom.The  sacrum  is made up  of  fused  vertebrae  ; at  the  lower  end   is  a  small  tail  like  structure  made up  of tiny  bones ,collectively  called  the coccyx.Between  each pair  of vertebrae  is a disk  of cartilage  that cushions  the  bones during the movement.The  top  two  vertebrae differ  in  appearance  from  the others  and works  as a pair ;the  first  called  the atlas ,rotates   around  a stout vertical  peg  on  the second,the axis.This arrangement  allows  the skull  to  move freely up  and down, and from side to side.  

The   Brain  is  the  Major  Organ  of  the  central  nervous  system and the control  centre  for all the    body's  voluntary   and  in voluntary  activities.It  is  also  responsible   for  the complexities  of thought,memory,emotion,and language.In  adults  ,this  complex  organ  is  a  mere  1.4  kg  in weight.Containing  over 10  thousand  million  nerve cells Three  distinct  regions  can  be  seen -the  brain stem,the cerebellum, and  the large  cerebrum.The  brain stem  controls   the vital  body functions,such as breathing  and digestion.The   cerebellum's  main  functions  are  the maintenance  of  posture, and  the  coordination  of  body  movements.The  cerebrum      which  consist  of   the right  and left  cerebral  hemisphere. joined   by    the corpus    callosum, is  the  site  of most  conscious    and intelligent  activities.    

  In  a  new  born   baby,the  head accounts   for  one-quarter  of the total   body length ;by  adulthood  , the proportion  has reduced   to  one-eighth.The  contained  the  body's   main   sense  organs.:Eyes,ears,olfactory  nerves,  that  detect  smells,and  the  taste  buds  of the  tongue .Signals    from  from  these  organs  pass in  the  body's  great   coordination  centre ;the  brain .housed  in  the protective, bony  dome  of  the skull.Hair  on  the  head insulates against   heat  loss,and adult  males  also  grow  thick facial  hair.The  face  has three   important  openings.two  nostrils  through   which  air  passes,and  the  mouth.Which  takes  in  nourishment  and  form  speech.Although  all  heads  are  basically  similar, differences   in  size,shape,and  colour  produce  an   infinite  variety  of   appearances.

With  new  discoveries  And  advancing technology ,medicine  is constantly  evolving .Developments  in  technical expertise have  resulted  in a successful  hand transplant, and repair  of  a  congenital   defect  in  a fetus  while  still  in  the womb.Advances  in  technology have also been   far reaching.providing  a   glimpse   of  what  might be  achieved  in  the future.The application  of virtual  reality in medicine  has  already  enabled progress  in   both the  teaching   and practice  of  surgery. and may  soon  be   used  in  the treatment  of  eating  disorders  and agoraphobia.Minimally   invasive  and  robot -and  computer-aided surgery  allows  delicate  and complex surgical  procedures  to  be  carried  out  with  the precision of a thousandth   of a  millimeter.This    means  that  surgery  has become safer,and  patient  and recovery  have   been reduced. Recent   advances  in  biomedical   engineering  have  led to the  increasing  use  of  robots

Medical  imaging  such  as  x-ray,computerized   tomography(CT), Magnetic  Resonance Imaging (MRI) allows  visual  access  to  the internal   anatomy  and  functions of  the  human  body.The  precise  anatomical  information  provided by  these   images  can  be  used to  create   a virtual  patient ,on  which  surgeons  and   medical  students  can practice   procedures.To  study  the  anatomy  of  human  leg, these  surgeons   wear  headsets  equipped   with  a  3D video  display to  view  an  image,  and  a  black  rubber    glove(data-glove)that  has  woven  optical  fibre  sensors.The  glove  relays  details  of  the  body part   to  the  computer,which  then  generates  the    image.  

The  repair  of   birth  defects through  fetal  surgery   has so  far  been  mostly  experimental  .However  , a  ground  breaking  advances  were  made in 1998   with  the  treatment  of  a  case  of spina bifida, a  developmental  defects  in  the  posterior  wall  of the  spinal  canal.With this   condition, the delicate  tissue    of the spinal cord  may  be  expose  to  varying  degrees  of damage,depending  upon  the severity  of  the defect.This  can  result  in  paralysis  of  the lower  limbs  and incontinence. A  team of  Surgeons   in  the US  corrected  the  defect  in a 25-week -gestation  foetus ,  after  the  condition  had been  detected  during routine ultrasound.Follow  up  at  the walking  stages  will  be  necessary  to  judge  the success  of the operation.  

A  chromosome    is  a  condensed   strand   of DNA.There  are  23  pairs  of  chromosomes  in  the  human  cell  and  together   they  contained   about  100,000   genes.Every  gene  is  a    tiny  segment  of  DNA made  up of  paired  nucleotide  bases   arranged    in  triplets.The  entire  sequence  bases  forms  the  specific  genetic  code(genome)  of an organism.A  world  wide  research  effort known  as  the  Human Genome  Project has  been  set  up   to  identify and  code  all  the  genes  in  human   DNA. TISSUE  ENGINEERING An   artificial   human ear, developed  by   growing   human  cartilage  in a biodegradable   polyester scaffold mould,  was  grafted    onto  the  back  of  a  mouse  to  see  whether  outer skin  would  form  and  the  blood  would  circulate.This  experiment was  carried  out  at  the Massachusetts Institute  of Technology,Dr.  C.Vacanti,  is a  vital  step  towards  using  such  structures  in  future  human   transplant    surgery.

To  produced  a clone   of   an  animal  a sample  of  the  DNA  must  be used  .Since  each   body  cell  contains  a complete  DNA  genome,this  is easily  obtained .This  DNA has  to  be   introduced  into  an  ovum (egg)  of another  animal  of same  species.after  the  ovum's  original   DNA  is  extracted .The  egg  is   then   inserted  into  a surrogate  animal's  womb  and pregnancy  proceeds  as normal.Although  every  body cell  contains  complete  genome ,it  will normally  activate  only  those   genes  necessary for its  own body  parts.-for example kidney,brain,or  bone.The  other gene  are not needed  and  are  not " switched  on"however  ,if  the  cell  is starved  of nutrients  ,development can  be  stopped   at  an  early  stage,at  which  point   all  the  genes  can  be  operative.The ovum  into  which  DNA  is inserted  will  then  behave  as  if  the  DNA were  its    own. GENETICALLY MODIFIED  FOOD . An  increasingly   common p

CONSTELLATIONS  OF LOW-ORBITING  satellites  hold  the key  to  today's    flexible   global  telephone  networks .These  systems integrate  satellite   communications  with  existing  land line  and  cellular  network  to provide   truly  global  coverage  from  a  mobile  phone  .This  enables   people, even      in  remote   areas even  those  on  tiny  pacific   islands   or  high  in the  Himalayas   ,to  keep  in  touch  with   rest  of  the  world .Satellite  system s   are  the    next  logical    step    in  the  mobile  -phone  revolution  that  swept  the  world  in  the  late  1990's. IRIDIUM    was  the  first  system  to  offer   a commercial  service .It  was  conceived   and  developed  by   the  US  electronics company   Motorola   ,and  began  operation  on 1  November  1998.The  system  was  named  after  the  77th  chemical  element in  the periodic Table  ,as there  were  originally to  be  77 satellites  in the   network.Other  networks  

JET  ENGINES  ARE  USED  BY   MOST  MILITARY  and   heavy  aircraft, and  by   many  Helicopters.The   simplest  type  of  jet  engine  or  gas turbine  is   the  turbojet.It    work  by  continuous  burning   a  mixture   of  fuel  and  air   in  a  combustion   chamber  to  produce  a  jet  of  hot  exhaust    gas,   that  is   expelled  through   a  nozzle    to  produce  a thrust.The  hot  gas  also  spins   the  turbine  blades,which  ,in  turn spin,  the  blades   of  an   air   compressor,the  compressor  forces   air   into  the  combustion    chamber.Many  of  th e  fastest   aircraft   use  turbojet  with  additional  booster   units  called  afterburners ,but  their  use  is    restricted   by  their  noise  emission  ,Most  jetliners  use  turbofan  jet  engines ,which  are  quieter  .An     enormous  fan ,driven  by  a  low  -pressure  turbine,feed  some  air  into   the  compressor  but  feeds  most  of  it  through   bypass  ducts  to  join  the  exha

The longest passenger jetliner in the world just made its debut. On March 13, the very first Boeing 777X was presented to company employees, inside the air framer's main wide-body manufacturing facility in Everett, Washington. At 252 feet, the 777X is longer than its predecessor, the 777-300ER, and the super-stretched Airbus A340-600. It'll even be longer by a nose than the current record-holder, the 747-8, the latest version of Boeing's own "Queen of the Skies" whose aviation-changing ancestor flew 50 years ago. With its maiden test flight expected later this spring, the 777-9 is the larger of the two 777X models that make up Boeing's jetliner program.  With that enormous length, the plane is designed to seat between 400 and 425 passengers in two classes, and fly routes of 7,600 nautical miles, more than 14,000 kilometers.   The number of seats will vary depending on what each airline picks for the interior, but

Shop Amazon - Deals in Health & Personal Care SCIENTISTS   have   claimed    that   Olive  oil   could   help   to  reverse   heart  failure .  Researchers   at   the  University  of  Illinois   have  found  that  Ole ate -  the  fat  found  in  the   golden  liquid    could  help  a  diseased   heart   pump    blood    more  effectively  and  use  body  fat  as   fuel. The   most  common  reason   a  person  may  suffer   from   a  heart  failure    is  when  muscles  become  damaged  ,including  after  a   heart  attack ,through  alcohol   abuse  and  high  blood pressure . The  symptoms   of   heart  failure   are  - shortness  of  breathe ,during  activity  or rest ;swelling  of  feet ,ankles ,stomach  and   fatigue. At  present  there  is   no  way  to  reverse  the  heart disease ,  and  a combination   of   medication  and  life style  changes  help  patients  to  manage  their  symptoms  and  keep   their  condition  stable. Scientists   made

A  Team    led  by   an  Indian   origin   scientist   has  identified   a  group  of little  explored   cancer  cells   that  may  play  a     key  role  in  preventing  the   progression   of   the  disease   .It   could  lead  to  re -evaluation    of  common  treatments  for patients.  It   also  suggested  that    anti -angiogenic   therapies  that   targets  those   tum our  cells   -called  pericytes-   may  inadvertently   be making  tumours  more   aggressive   and  likely   to  spread..Advance  drugs  shrinks  tumour   by  cutting   of  their   blood  supply,  but in  doing  so  they  wipe out  pericytes  that  provide  structural  support   to  blood  vessels  and  act   as   'gatekeepers  'to  pen  in  cancer. Conducted  in  Beth  Israel  Deaconess  Medical  Center   in   Boston, the  study  highlights   the  importance  of more  research  on   tumour  cells  composition  in  order to  device   more   effective  therapies,  the  researchers   said.

A  chromosome    is  a  condensed   strand   of DNA.There  are  23  pairs  of  chromosomes  in  the  human  cell  and  together   they  contained   about  100,000   genes.Every  gene  is  a    tiny  segment  of  DNA made  up of  paired  nucleotide  bases   arranged    in  triplets.The  entire  sequence  bases  forms  the  specific  genetic  code(genome)  of an organism.A  world  wide  research  effort known  as  the  Human Genome  Project has  been  set  up   to  identify and  code  all  the  genes  in  human   DNA. TISSUE  ENGINEERING An   artificial   human ear, developed  by   growing   human  cartilage  in a biodegradable   polyester scaffold mould,  was  grafted    onto  the  back  of  a  mouse  to  see  whether  outer skin  would  form  and  the  blood  would  circulate.This  experiment was  carried  out  at  the Massachusetts Institute  of Technology,Dr.  C.Vacanti,  is a  vital  step  towards  using  such  structures  in  future  human   transplant    surgery.

If   ever   you   feel    tense ,  just   listen   to    some  music.You'll  experience   a  relief   from   tension .Music  really  do  wonders. .Particularly  Indian   music,  like   old   Hindi  film  songs.Now  how  it    happens?It    is  said  that  all   Ragas   are   created  by  Lord  Shiva .They   are   full   of    human  emotions  ,happiness,zeal bravery,and  even  sadness  sometimes.So ,  when  we  listen   the  music , the  Ragas   hidden  in  it ,   rose   that    very   emotion  or  the same  emotion  in   our  mind or body  , which  already  exist  in  our selves  but  was  suppress    by  the  tension we    were  facing. When  the  body   heard  or listen  the  music  those   emotions  surface    up - ,happiness,zeal,love bravery,etc  and kills  the  tension. or  replaces  the  tension  .Our  body  and  mind  fills  with  these  emotions  and  changes  the  whole scenario  or  atmosphere  of  our  mind  and body.Thus  makes  us   happy or  relie

The   Urogenital  system  mainly  related  to two  types  of functions.One  is related  to  the  kidneys that maintain  the  volume and  composition   of  body fluids   within   very  narrow  limits.Second  is related  to   the sex organs that facilitates  reproduction.Kidneys  help  in maintaining   the body's  internal   environment   in  physiological   state.A  healthy  kidney performs  regulation  of  water   in  the body, maintains normal acid  /base equilibrium,eliminates metabolic waste products  and also  maintains  the retention  of  vital  substances.The   is why  the kidney  receives   the  one  quarter  of the  cardiac   output  which  is  about  1.3 liters per minute.Eventually,only   about  1 percent of the  original volume  is passed   down  the ureter  to  the bladder  reservoir  for discharge.The  kidney filter 180 quarter of blood   daily.1/4  of all the blood  in human  body is filtered   by the kidney every minute.The yellow  colour  of the uri

  There   are  two    kinds   of   attitudes ,we  humans   possess   towards   life  ,one  is  negative  and  other  is positive .In  the   previous  one  we  see   only  negativity   in  every  thing  and  situations, like  this  thing  will  harm  me ,that  situation  is  not   good,I  can't  do  or success  is  far  away ,beyond   my  reach ,etc.This  kind  of  attitude  hampers  all  our  progress  in  life  and  denied  us  all   happiness   of   life,which   results   in  irritation  ,lack of  confidence   and  depression. This  in  no  good   for   we  humans ,the  most  powerful  creature  in  the  universe. Then  what  to  do  ?The  answer  is , be  positive  in  life .Positivism   has  immense  power  ,it  can  change  your  life    in  no  time.But  how  to  achieve  it?Again  the  answer  is  very  simple. The  world   is  like  a  very  huge  ground  ,where  all  sorts  of  things   are scattered   -there are  good things  and   there  are  bad