IN SPORTS Such as football, players have to follow certain rules and regulations to avoid chaos and play the game in a structured manner.Similarly , rules and laws are needed in a family and a community because they help maintain peace and bring discipline in our lives.This also means that every one has to compromise a little .If we only do what is ' good' for us , we may violate the right of others .Laws regulate the lives of people living together in a community .In most cases , the community itself is responsible for adhering to the laws .Police and court help in difficult cases.Often , it is not easy to be fair and decide who is to be punished and how In a democracy, rules and laws are laid down by the society and its elected representatives..Rules and laws for some ba
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THE FRENCH WORD 'RENAISSANCE ' means rebirth.From about 1350 to 1550 a lot of scholars and artists ,such as genus Leonardo da vinci , recaptured the knowledge of ancient times, which was forgotten at the times of the start of medieval age..With the intervention of printing press, ideas such as demand of freedom and dignity of humans spread very quickly.Sailors discovered new trade routes , and Martin Luther initiated a reformation of the Christian Church, which had far reaching consequences .The so called Modern age dawned and it brought the thirty years war and the advance of the Ottomans till the middle of Europe. LEONARDO DA VINCI - Italian sculptor ,painter, and scientist Leonardo DA vinci (1432-1519) was a real genius of his time.His painting technique had a lively effect on the people and
THE FIRST EMPEROR OF CHINA -IN 246 B,C, the nine year old Zheng become the king of Qin (pronounced as ' chin'). In the next 35 years , he unified the seven quarreling kingdoms to make one kingdom.China.Thus , he become the first emperor of China.He called himself Qin Shi Huangdi .Before Qin Shi Huangdi , other great dynasties had also ruled, like the Shang or Zhou dynasties During its reign , trade flourished,,for instance Silk continued to be manufactured only in China for hundreds of years. QIN Shi Huangdhi unite China.He passed uniform laws.He put together the different parts of the seven quarrel-ling kingdoms to make a single script with over 3000 characters . He also ensured that at all places the same weights and coins were valid . The same wheel distance of carriages made it
THE Rome was founded by two brothers Romulus and Remus in 753 B.C .The city existed when the Latin people settled down on the seven hills on the bank of the River Tiber. Their villages merged together to become a city and their language -Latin- was spoken later in the entire Roman Empire.Around 500B.C , Rome become a republic .One of its generals ,who was also in the senate ,was the famous Julius .Caesar .After his assassination , one ruler proclaimed himself for the first time as the Roman emperor .He changed the army , and Rome become world power.It was the biggest power at around 100 AD. SENATE - THE Senate was the most powerful and important political institution in Rome .Initially only the rich nobles were in the senate .They were appointed as senator for life .After the Roman life .After the Roman
AZTECS WERE Ethnic groups of central Mexico who spoke the Nahuatl language and existed in large part of Mesoamerica in the 14th to 16th centuries . This period was known as the late post classic period in Mesoamerican chronology .Although they were considered barbaric by the Toltec and others in the region, they absorbed their neighbors' culture .The Aztec controlled their empire primarily by installing friendly rulers in conquered cities, by marriage alliance between ruling dynasties, and by an economic strategy , making conquered cities depend on the cent re for trade.Since there was no military protection in conquered cities, it made them easy prey for conquest in turn the European invaders in the 16th century . AZTEC CULTURE -ART play very important role in ancient Aztec culture. mainly
THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS believed in life after death.They preserved the bodies of the dead by mummification .Members of the royal family were kept in the pyramids which were actually grand graves made for the Pharaohs .Scientists have found mummies in many pyramids .The Egyptians empire arose 5000 years ago when the first Pharaoh united the people in the south and north.The pyramids and the temple of Abu Simbel ,which have already been converted once, witness the highly advanced civilization of the Egyptians. THE PHARAOHS - The word 'Pharaohs' comes from per aa which means 'large house'.The Egyptians rulers were called Pharaoh from about 1500 BC .The Pharaohs were worshiped like a God .He was the top most judge and the supreme commander of the people . One of the most famous P
THE OBJECT OF ALL RACKET SPORTS is to make shots the opponent can not return.Games are played by two players (singles) or four players (doubles)racket shape and size is tailored to each sport ,but all rackets are constructed of wood ,plastic,aluminum ,or high -performance materials such as fiberglass and carbon graphite .Racket strings are usually synthetic,or natural guts is still used. Tennis is played on a court divided by a low net.Opposing players serve alternate games .At least six games must be won to gain a set ,and two or some times three sets are needed to win a match.Tennis court may be concrete,grass,clay,or synthetic,each surface require a different style of play. TENNIS BADMINTON is an indoor sport that is played with light ,flexible ,rackets and a feather shuttle cock on a court with a high
THE GAME OF GOLF was first played in Scotland some 400 years ago.Players are required to hit a ball ,using a wooden or iron club,from a smooth level point or "teeing ground"down the "fairway",and on to a putting green where the large hole is located.The fairway is a strip of clear land along which there are natural hazards-such as bunkers(sand pits),and rough (area of uncut grass)championship golf courses have 18 holes.The object of the game is to hit the ball into each hole in turn ,and to complete the "round" using as few strokes as possible .Players compete individually or in teams ,playing the course together in group of two ,three, or four.The two basic forms of competition are match play and stroke play. In match play ,the side winning the majority of holes over a certain number
THE SPORTS THAT MAKE UP ATHLETICS are divided into two groups ;track events- which includes ,sprinting,middle,and long distance running ,relay running,hurdling and walking-and field events which require jumping and throwing skills.Contests designed to test the speed ,strength,agility,and stamina of athletes were held by ancient Greeks over 4000 years ago.However the abolition of the Olympics game in 393 AD meant that athletics were neglected until the revival of large scale competition in the mid nineteenth century. Modern stadia offer areas reserved for long jump,triple jump,and pole vault situated outside the running track.The javelin ,shot,hammer and discus are thrown within the track area.Most athletes specialize in one or two events,held over two days.;200 m and 800 m races,,100 m hurdles,javelin,shot put,
ICE HOCKEY IS PLAYED BY TWO TEAMS OF SIX PLAYERS.On an ice ring ,with a goal net at each end.the object of this fast and often dangerous game is to hit a frozen rubber puck into the opposing team's net ,with a ice hockey stick . The game begins when the referee drops the puck between the sticks of two players from opposing teams.who "face off". The ring is divided into three areas;defending,neutral,and attacking zone.Players may move with the puck and pass the puck to one another along the Ice,but may not pass it more than two zones across the across the ring markings. A goal is scored when the puck entirely crosses the goal line between the posts and under the cross bar of the goal. A team may field up to 20 players although six players are allowed on the ice at one time ;Substitutions
COMPETITIVE ALPINE SKIING is divided four disciplines ;downhill,slalom,giant slalom and super giant slalom.Each one test different skills . In down hill skiing competitors race down a slope marked out by control flags. known as " gates", and are timed on a single run only.Competitors wear crash helmets,one piece Lycra suit and long skis with flattened tips to minimize air resistance.Slalom and giant slalom skiers negotiate a twisting course requiring ,balance,agility,and quick reactions.Courses are defined by pairs of gates.Racers must pass through each pair of gates to complete the course successfully.Competitors are timed on two runs over different courses and the skier who complete the courses in shortest time wins. In super- G- races competitors ski a single run that combines the technical challenges of slalom with spe