RENAISSANCE

THE   FRENCH WORD 'RENAISSANCE ' means rebirth.From about 1350 to 1550 a lot of   scholars   and artists ,such as genus Leonardo da vinci ,   recaptured the knowledge   of ancient times, which    was forgotten   at the times of the start of medieval age..With the intervention of printing press, ideas   such as demand of freedom and dignity of humans spread   very   quickly.Sailors discovered    new trade routes , and Martin Luther   initiated   a reformation of the Christian   Church, which had far reaching   consequences .The so called   Modern age   dawned   and it   brought the thirty years   war   and the advance of   the Ottomans    till the middle of Europe.

LEONARDO DA VINCI- Italian sculptor    ,painter, and scientist Leonardo DA vinci (1432-1519) was a real genius of his time.His painting technique had a lively effect on the people and influenced the later painters . He dissected the dead and   was the first   person to draw    the internal organs of the human   body.He also studied technology   and physics   and drew diagrams of machines and means of transportation ,   which become a reality    many years later   after the invention
of steam engine

MARTIN LUTHER- In 1517, a monk Martin Luther (1483-1546) publicly criticized that the teachings    spread by the Christian Church   often deviated    from those   written in the Bible .If as   the bible   said - all   christian   were equal , then   neither rich nor the pope   be the head of the church.He demanded a reform ,   a change of the church , and thus opposed the pope directly.The pope excluded him from church   and the king declared   Luther an outlaw .At   his hiding place , the monk translated    the bible into German for the , first   time , and   thus established a new religion orientatio

CONSEQUENCES   OF REFORMATION- The   new    evangelical belief   changed the entire order in the state.Farmers protested against   landlords in 1524..German princes   and Dutch   nobles   protested against the catholic king after   converting to the new belief .There was a movement against the reformation .This counter -reformation   led to   the thirty years   war , in which more people   were killed than in any other later war.

THE OTTOMANS- The Ottomans were the dynasty of rulers, who ruled in Asia Minor , the present day Turkey , for many centuries .In 1929 they started capturing the East Roman empire, and finally conquered it fully by 1453.
Constantinople ,the present day Istanbul , become the capital
city of    the Muslim     Ottoman kingdom.It ruled over the trade    routes to Asia , which made it very risky for the Europeans.For this reason , the    European rulers    supported   the sailors   to find new routes .At the same time    the Ottomans rulers moved   far   in the west   and besieged Vienna in 1683.but they   were defeated .Still   ,Europe   and Ottomans   waged the 'Turkish wars' till the   19th    century.The Ottomans   lost their power only after that.

INTERESTING   FACTS -

The world famous painting Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo DA Vinci.

The church prohibited the cutting of dead bodies till the 16th century .Therefore doctors at that time knew about the inside of the human body only from the textbooks , which were thousands of year old ,as the one written by Galenus .