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ATOMS AND MOLICULES.

 

ATOMS  ARE  THE  smallest  individual  parts  of  an  element.They  are   tiny, with  diameters   in  the  order  of   one  ten  -thousand - millionth  of  a  meter  .Two  or  more  atoms  join   together  (bond)  to  form  a molecule   of  a  substance   known   as  a   compound .For   example , when  atoms  of  the  elements  hydrogen  and  fluorine  join  together  ,they  form  a compound  hydrogen  fluoride .
So  molecules   are  the  smallest  individual  parts  of  a  compound .
Atoms  themselves    are  not  indivisible   they  posses  an   internal   structure  .At       their  centre    is  a  dense   nucleus , consisting  of  protons  ,which  have   a  positive electric  charge and  neutrons , which  are   uncharged  .Around  the   nucleus are  the  negatively  charged   electrons  .It  is  the  electrons   that  give  a  substance   most  of  its   physical  and  chemical   properties.They  do  not  follow  definite  paths around  the  nucleus .Instead ,  electrons are     said  to  be   found   within  certain  regions, called   orbitals.These  are  arranged  around  the   nucleus  in  "shells",each   containing  electrons  of  a  particular  energy  .For  example  ,  the  first  shell (1)  can   hold up  to   two  electron ,in a   so  called  s- orbital (1s).The  second shell(2) can   hold  up  to  eight  electrons ,in  s-orbital (2s) and  p-orbital(2p).If  an  atom   loses an  electron, it  become  a  positive  ion  (cation).If  an  electron  is  gained  an   atom  becomes  a  negative  ion (anion).
Ions   of    positive charges   will  attract   and  join  together , in  a  type  of  bonding  known   as   ionic  bonding.In  covalent  bonding , the  atoms  bond  by   sharing  their   electrons   in  what  become  molecular  orbital.



 

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