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ROMAN -CIVILIZATION

THE   Rome  was   founded  by  two  brothers     Romulus   and  Remus    in  753  B.C .The  city   existed   when  the Latin  people  settled   down   on  the  seven  hills   on  the  bank  of   the  River  Tiber.  Their    villages   merged   together  to  become  a  city and  their   language  -Latin- was  spoken  later  in   the  entire  Roman  Empire.Around  500B.C ,  Rome  become   a  republic .One  of   its  generals  ,who  was  also   in  the  senate ,was  the  famous    Julius  .Caesar  .After   his   assassination  , one  ruler  proclaimed   himself  for  the  first  time  as   the  Roman   emperor  .He  changed  the   army ,  and  Rome   become  world  power.It  was  the  biggest   power   at  around   100 AD.
SENATE-  THE  Senate  was  the  most  powerful  and  important  political  institution  in  Rome .Initially   only  the  rich   nobles  were  in  the  senate .They  were   appointed   as  senator   for life .After  the  Roman life .After  the  Roman   dethroned    the  king  by  around  500  B.C,   the  administration  of   the   state   become  a  public  affair ,res publica  in  Latin,i.e  a  republic.Now  the  right  to  belong  to  the  senate  was  not  limited  to  the  rich  nobles.The  senate   passed  laws  , named  officials ,  managed  revenue ,  and  counselled public   meetings .At  its  top   were  so  called  consuls   elected  for  one  year.They  had  to  take  all   the  decisions   together  and  were  also  the    top  most  generals.



ROME  BECOME  WORLD  POWER.-The  Roman   were  successful    conquerors  .Around   260  B.C ,  they  completed    in  the  western  Mediterranean   Sea   with  the  Phoenicians ,especially  with   the  trading  city  of  Carthage   in North   Africa,  which  the  Roman  destroyed   after  the  three   punic wars  in 146  B.C.The  newly   conquered  land  of  Africa  , which  was  very  fertile  ,  become  the  most   important  farmland    for  Rome.Romans  ruled  all  around  the Mediterranean   sea.They  called  it  mare   nostrum,meaning ' our  sea'.
THE  FIRST  ROMAN  EMPERORS.-The  first  emperor   of  the  Rome    was   the  grand   nephew   of   Julius  Caesar  .After  the  assassination   of  his  great   uncle ,  the young  Octavian   the  leader  of    the   senate  in  44B.C .In  27 B.C ,  he  named  himself   as 'Imperator ' ,which  means   sole  ruler.The   senate  awarded  him   the  honorific   title   of  Augustus,  the  Noble,  and  he  gave  himself   the   epithet  caesar.Augustus  started  a long   reign   ,that  was  secure  and  rich .Later  the  Roman  empire   was ruled  by   some  emperors  who   known  for  their  barbarism   and extravagance. 
JULIUS   CAESAR  THE  FAMOUS-Caesar   is  known  mainly  because   of  his  greed for  power,  his  ambition  ,  and  his  many  victories.As  a   successful    General    he   conquered  Britain   and  Gaul  -The  Great  Britain  and  northern  France   of  today-  and  won  against  the   Teutons . He  smartly  used the dispute   among  the politicians   to  become  the  sole .ruler.He  improved
calendar   and  wrote  books   such  as  De  bello  Gallic ,  which  the Latin   student  read even  today.He  also   had  an   affair   with   the Egyptian  queen  Cleopatra   and  was  assassinated .Caesar is  the central  character    in  theater   plays ,  novel   and  films. 
INTERESTING  FACTS-
  • In   the  Roman  Empire  ,   a   criminal    could  be  convicted   only  when   his  crime    was  proved .This  basic  approach  of  law   is  the   basis   of   all  European   legal  system  even  today.
  • The   word   'emperor'    and  the  Russian   word 'Czar'  are   modification   of  Latin  word  Caesar.
  • ROMAN  EMPIRE  
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  • A  Roman   legionary    carried   his  weapons,  tools  for building  stores ,cooking utensils,  bedding,  and  grains  of  two  weeks.All  of  this  weighted   around   30  k.g.

 

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