Blaise Pascal (1623–1662) Blaise Pascal
was a French philosopher, mathematician, scientist, inventor, and
theologian. In mathematics, he was an early pioneer in the fields of
game theory and probability theory. In philosophy he was an early
pioneer in existentialism.
In 1642, while still a teenager, he started some pioneering work on calculating machines (called Pascal's calculators and later Pascalines), establishing him as one of the first two inventors of the mechanical calculator.
Pascal invented an adding machine with automatic carry between digits, and the "Pascal Triangle" of coefficients of the binomial series; also the inventor of the wheelbarrow, the omnibus, and the roulette wheel.
He developed the modern
theory of probability. He also formulated the concept of pressure
(between 1646 and 1648) and showed that the pressure in a fluid is
transmitted through the fluid in all directions (i.e. Pascal's law).
Pascal's law
states that a pressure applied to a fluid in a closed container is
transmitted equally to every point of the fluid and the walls of the
container, as seen in Equation 2. P = F / A (Equation 2) Where P is the pressure, F is the force, and A is the area.
Pascal's law
states that a change in pressure at any point in an enclosed fluid is
transmitted equally throughout the fluid. The ability of fluids to
transmit pressure in this way can be very useful—from getting toothpaste
out of a tube to applying the brakes on a car.
A typical application of Pascal's principle for gases
and liquids is the automobile lift seen in many service stations (the
hydraulic jack). Increased air pressure produced by an air compressor is
transmitted through the air to the surface of oil in an underground
reservoir.
Few more applications include a hydraulic jack and hydraulic press and forced amplification is used in the braking system of most cars. even the lift generated on airplane wings can be explained using Pascal's principle. Pascal's principle
is based on the idea that fluids at rest are incompressible, allowing
very large forces to be transmitted with the application of a smaller
force.
Pascal's law allows forces to be multiplied.
Pascal was also a mathematician of the first order. He wrote a significant treatise on the subject of projective
geometry, known as Pascal’s Theorem, which states that, if a hexagon is
inscribed in a circle, then the three intersection points of opposite
sides lie on a single line, called the Pascal line. As a young man, he
built a functional calculating machine, able to perform additions and
subtractions.
Pascal’s Triangle
He is best known, however, for Pascal’s Triangle, a convenient tabular presentation of binomial co-efficients,
where each number is the sum of the two numbers directly above it. A
binomial is a simple type of algebraic expression which has just two
terms operated on only by addition, subtraction, multiplication and
positive whole-number exponents, such as (x + y)2. The co-efficient
produced when a binomial is expanded form a symmetrical triangle.
Pascal also made the conceptual leap to use the Triangle to help solve
problems in probability theory. In fact, it was through his
collaboration and correspondence with his French contemporary Pierre de Fermat
and the Dutchman Christiaan Huygens on the subject that the
mathematical theory of probability was born. Before Pascal, there was no
actual theory of probability.
In Computer programming
Pascal is a
general purpose, high-level procedural programming language developed by
Niklaus Wirth. It is named after the French mathematician, scientist
and philosopher Blaise Pascal, in honor of his contributions to construct the first mechanical calculator called Pascaline (Arithmetic Machine) in 1642.
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