Gregor Mendel was an Austrian scientist, teacher, and Augustinian prelate who lived in the 1800s. He experimented on garden pea hybrids while living at a monastery and is known as the father of modern genetics.
Mendel, through his work on pea plants, discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance. He deduced that genes come in pairs and are inherited as distinct units, one from each parent. Mendel tracked the segregation of parental genes and their appearance in the offspring as dominant or recessive traits.
He founded genetics by his work cross-breeding pea plants. He discovered dominant and recessive characters (genes) from the crosses he performed on the plants in his greenhouse.
Mendel studied inheritance in peas (Pisum sativum). He chose peas because they had been used for similar studies, are easy to grow and can be sown each year. Pea flowers contain both male and female parts, called stamen and stigma, and usually self-pollinate.
Pea plants are naturally self-pollinating.Mendel was interested in the offspring of two different parent plants, so he had to prevent self-pollination. He removed the anthers from the flowers of some of the plants in his experiments. Then he pollinated them by hand with pollen from other parent plants of his choice.
- Once Mendel had established true-breeding pea lines with different traits for one or more features of interest (such as tall vs short)
- First, he crossed one true-breeding parent to another.
- Mendel collected the seeds from the Pstart text, P, end text generation cross and grew them up.
Mendel discovered the basic principles of heredity through experiments in his garden. His experiments showed that the inheritance of certain traits in pea plants follows particular patterns, subsequently
The key principles of Mendelian inheritance are summed up by Mendel's three laws: the Law of Independent Assortment, Law of Dominance, and Law of Segregation.becoming the foundation of modern genetics and leading to the study of heredity.
Mendel studied the inheritance of seven different features in peas, including height, flower color, seed color, and seed shape. To do so, he first established pea lines with two different forms of a feature, such as tall vs. short height.
He deduced that genes come in pairs and are inherited as distinct units, one from each parent. Mendel tracked the segregation of parental genes and their appearance in the offspring as dominant or recessive traits. He recognized the mathematical patterns of inheritance from one generation to the next.
Examples of traits are the presence of freckles, blood type, hair color, and skin tone. Mendelian traits are traits that are passed down by dominant and recessive alleles of one gene. Alleles are different forms of genes, which are simply parts of DNA that carry information for a certain trait.
In 1865, Mendel presented the results of his experiments with nearly 30,000 pea plants to the local Natural History Society. He demonstrated that traits are transmitted faithfully from parents to offspring independently of other traits and in dominant and recessive patterns.
Mendel's work marked the beginning of genetics as a science. Nucleic acids and genes – originally two widely separated concepts – together form the basis for the Nobel Prize for medicine, for Holley's, Khorana's and Nirenberg's investigations on the genetic code, also called the code of life.
Mendel died on 6 January 1884, at the age of 61, in Brno, Moravia, Austria-Hungary (now Czech Republic), from chronic nephritis.
GEORGE MENDEL
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