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VISUAL -ARTS-CALLIGRAPHY.

CALLIGRAPHY    IS   BEAUTIFULLY   FORMED    LETTERING. The   term   applies  to  written    text   and  illumination( decoration  of  manuscripts    using   gold   leaf  and   color). The    essential    material    needed   to  practice     calligraphy    are    a   writing  tool,  ink  and  a  writing  surface.Quills    are  among   the      oldest    writing   tools.They  are  usually    made   goose    or  turkey    feathers,  and  are  noted  for   their     flexibility   and  ability   to   produced   fine  lines.A   quill     point   ,  however  is  not  very   durable   and  constant   re cutting   and    trimming     is  required.
The     most  commonly     used       writing    instrument  in  western  Calligraphy    is   a  detachable  ,  metal   nib   held  in  a  pen holder.The   metal    nib  is   very    durable   ,and    there  are    a wide  range    of  different   types .Particular   type  of   nibs -such  as   copperplate,speed ball,  and  round  hand  nibs.-   are  used  for   specific      styles    of    lettering .Some  nibs   have    integral    ink  reservoirs      and  others  have   reservoir   that  are   detachable.
Brushes     are    also     used    for  writing ,  and  for  filling   in  outlined  letters    and  painting      decoration.Other  writing   tools  used  in  calligraphy   are  fountain    pens  ,felt-tip  pens,rottring  pens  and  reed  pens..Calligraphy    inks    come  in  liquid     form ,  or  as    a  solid  ink  stick .Ink   sticks     are   ground  down    in  distilled    water   to  form  a   liquid  ink .
The   most   common   writing  surfaces      for     calligraphy    are  good  quality ,   smooth -surfaced   papers.To   achieve  the  best  writing   position,  the  calligrapher    places   the   paper   drawing  board  set    at   an  angle. 

CALLIGRAPHY   WRITINGS





















  




 

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