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EARTHQUAKES

THE   MOVING   TECTONIC  plates  ,in  which   the uppermost  layer    of  the  Earth     is  divided  ,not  only  collide    at  many  places   but  often    slide  past   each  other.This  causes  friction   and  stress   builds  up  .n  Which  then   discharge   very  quickly .There  is  a  jerk  - the  Earth  trembles .This  give  rise  to  shock  waves  that  can  cause   lot  of  damage  at  places.To  some  extent we  can  protect  us  from  these  waves.
Earthquake  occur        mainly   at   the  border of  the  plate,where  two  plates  slide  past  each  other.Most.Earthquakes  occur  in  the
Himalayan   region .The  actual  seismic   centre ,the   'hypocentre',  lies  deep  below  the  surface   of  the   Earth.The  point  on  the  surface   of  the  Earth  lying  immediately   above  this   is  called  the  'Epicentre'.Scientists   can  determine   this  point .They  measure   the   time  it  takes   the  shock  waves   to  reach  the  seismic    stations.  The  radius  of   these   circles  corresponds   to  the  measured   time .The  point   of  interaction  is  the  epicentre.Right   below  the  epicentre,   beneath  the  Earth's  surface ,lies  the hypocentre. 
INTENSITY  OF   EARTHQUAKE.-  THE  intensity    of  Earthquake   is  measured    by recording   the  tremors  of  the  Earth's  surface   with  a  'Seismograph'.These  tremors   appear  when  the  Earthquake   wave  reach   the  surface  the  Earth.A  seismograph     consist  of   a  large  ,inert  weight ,which  stays  at  rest   even  during     Earthquakes..A  pen  is  attach  to  this  pendulum.When  the  Earth   trembles ,the  surface  of  the  earth  ,  together   with  the  paper  placed  there,moves  to    and  fro   below  the'  writing  pendulum' which  does  not  move.We   can  then   detect  the  different  types  of  waves  on  the   paper ,which  moves   at  different   speeds .The  intensity  of  the  earthquake   can  be calculated  from  these  patterns.The  intensity  is  measured    on   a  scale  called  'Richter scale' , named  after  its  inventor.Earthquakes     with  an  intensity   of 2.5  can   be  felt,  but  ones  with  a  intensity   of  8.0   are  very  destructive.
DAMAGES   BY  EARTHQUAKES.-  A   weak   earthquake   up  to  intensity  of 4.0   on  the  Richter  scale    hardly   cause  any  damage ,but  Earthquakes   with   stronger  intensity  can  cause   cracks  in  the  buildings .They  move  the   foundation  of  the  building ,cause  houses  to  collapse  and  lead  to  land slides.In  large   earthquake    catastrophes  , bridges,dams,and  power plants  
 get  damaged and  often  whole  area  devastated.
SAVING  OURSELVES   FROM  EARTHQUAKES.-Almost   entire  Japan   lies  in    an  Earthquake  -prone  zone .For  this  reason  ,buildings  here  are  made '' Earthquake  resistant'  so  that the  loss  can  be   minimized  .Buildings   are  built  on  foundations   made  of  steel  balls  or  from  elastic   materials  such  as  bamboo.In   skyscrapers  , a  pendulum   weighing  several  tons   is   installed  in  the  upper  floors,  which  minimizes   the  vibrations  that  start    in  the  upper  storeys   when  an  occurs.
If   an  earthquake    occurs ,  we  should  take  refuge    at     best ,  in  the  open  or  seek  protection    under  the  table .




















EARTHQUAKES 



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