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ATOMS AND MOLECULES

ATOMS  ARE  THE  SMALLEST    INDIVIDUAL  parts  of  an  element.They  are  tiny,  with  diameters   in  the  order  of  one ten-thousand  millionth    of  a  meter  .Two  or  more  atoms  join  together    to  form   molecule of  a  substance  known  as   a  compound,for  example  ,when  atoms   of  elements  hydrogen  and  fluorine join  together ,they  form  a  molecule    of  the  compound  hydrogen  fluoride  .So   molecules  are     are  the   smallest   individual   part  of  a  compound.
Atoms  themselves   are  not   indivisible- they    possess  an  internal  structure .At  their  centre  is  a  dense  Nucleus   ,  consisting   of  protons, which  have a  positive   electric  charge,  and  neutrons,  which    are   uncharged .Around  the  nucleus    are    the  negatively   charged  electrons .It  is  the  electrons   that  gives   a substance   most  of  its   physical  and  chemical properties.They  do not  follow  a  definite  paths  around   the  nucleus.Instead  , electrons  are  said  to  be  found   within  certain  regions,called  orbitals .These  are  arranged  around  the  nucleus  in "shells", each  containing   electrons  of  a  particular  energy.For  example ,the first  shell (1) can  hold up  to  two  electrons, in  a  so called  s-orbital(1s).The  second  shell  (2) can  hold up  to   eight   electrons,  in S- orbital (2s) and  p-orbital (2p)If  an  atom  loses  an  electron ,it  becomes  a  positive ion(cation).If  an  electron  is  gained,  an  atom becomes a  negative ion(anion)ions  of  opposite  charges will  attract  and  join  together,  in  a  type of   bonding ,known   as   ionic  bonding.In  covalent  bonding,  the  atoms  bond  by  sharing  their  electrons  in  what  become   molecular  orbitals.
ATOMS  AND  MOLECULES 
 
  


 


 
 


 


  


 


  


 


 


 



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