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MEASURING TIME

ALL  TIME  KEEPING  DEVICES depend   on  counting  a regularly -repeated .phenomenon .The  earliest  devices   were   based  on  daily  ,monthly, or  yearly  cycles  of  the  sun and  moon .Most  modern  clocks  are  based   on  repeated   mechanical  or  electronic  oscillations (vibrations). The  more  frequent   the  vibrations, the  greater  the  potential  accuracy of  the  clock.The  crystal  in  the quartz  watch   typically   vibrates  at  32,768  hertz.(32,768 times  a  second), so  it  keeps  better   time than  a   pendulum   clock ,whose   pendulum   typically   swings  twice  a  second .
The    most  accurate    timekeeping   devices  are  atomic   fountains ,which   are  based  on  oscillations  of  caesium    atoms .Global  communication  technologies  , such  as  computer networks   and broadcasting, rely  on  the  world  using   one accurate  time  standard.This  is   called  UCT.(UNIVERSAL  COORDINATE  TIME),and  is  based on   the  average  time  signal  received  from   over  200  atomic  clocks  worldwide .The    more  we    rely  on  high technologies   for  precise   timekeeping ,the  more  vulnerable  we  become  to  problems with  that  technology.
THE   ATOMIC  FOUNTAIN.
At  present  ,the  most  accurate  timekeeping  device  ,is  the  atomic  fountain.It  was  developed  by  Nobel  Prize-winning  scientists in  the  early  1990s   and  is  far  more  accurate than  a  standard  atomic clock.The   atomic  fountain  enable us  to  measure time  with  greater  accuracy , mainly  because  it  uses  cooler ,slower-moving  atoms  than  an  atomic  clock.Atomic fountain   devices  are  accurate  to  within  one ten-billionth  of a second  per day.
PENDULUM  CLOCK.
In  the   16th   century , the  Italian  scientist  Galileo Galilei  used  the   regular  swing  of  a  pendulum  to measure periods  of  time .He  suggested     that  a  pendulum  could  be connected  to  the  hands   of  a  clock to  turn  them  in    regular  steps.
 MEASURING  TIME 
 



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