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Genetic advances

Developments    in  cloning  are  among  the  most  important  advances   in    recent   genetic  science .A  clone  is  a  group  of  genes  ,cells,or  complete  organism   in which  all  the  group's    members  have  the  same  genetic  constitution. The  term  is  also   used  to  refer  to  individual  members  of a  clone Clone  occur  in  nature  ,especially   in  the case  of  simple  organism,such as  bacteria and viruses.which    reproduced  merely   by  splitting(asexual  reproduction)  after  their  DNA  has  replicated  itself  .They  also  occur  in  humans  and  other  animals  when a  single   fertilized   egg divides   and separates  to  form  two  or  more identical  individuals.Artificial   cloning   of  selected  genes is  one  of the  most   significant  breakthrough   ever made in  biology. and  has powerful  implications  for science  and  industry.Once  the desired  gene  is  obtained  ,the cloning  can  be  left to  organisms   such  as   bacteria  ,which  under  suitable  conditions,reproduced  almost  indefinitely.In   this  way   enormous  quantities   of  the  particular  gene may  be  produced. Gene  cloning   is most commonly   done    in  the laboratory  by  means  of   the  polymerase chain reaction (PCR)Which   can  produced  millions  of  copies  of  a  single  gene  in   a  matter  of hours.
Far  more daunting  an  enterprise than  gene cloning  is   the  cloning  of  whole  animal s.Only recently    shown  to  be practicable.A  further    key  genetic  advance  is  the  creation  of  transgenic animals.in  particular  pigs.which are  currently being used   for   the ''manufacture'  of human   compatible  organs ,such as  hearts.to  be  continued .

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