COMBAT SPORTS ARE BASED ON THE SKILLS used in fighting .In these sports ,the competitors may be unarmed-as in judo and boxing or armed as in fencing and ken do. Judo is a system of unarmed combat developed in the East.Translated from the Japanese the name means "the gentle way"student learn how to turn an opponent's force to their own advantage..The usual costume is loose white trousers and a jacket fastened with a cloth belt.The colour of the belt indicate the student's level of expertise.,from white belted novices to the expert "black belts".Competitions takes place on a mat or "shiaijo",9 or 10 m(30 or 33 ft)square in size ,bounded by "danger" and " safety" areas to prevent injury. Competitors try to throw ,pin or master their opponent by applying pressure
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SWIMMING WAS INCLUDED in the first modern Olympic games in 1896 and diving events were added in 1904.Swimming is both an individual and a team sport and races takes place over a predetermined distance in one of the four major categories of stroke -free style,butterfly,breaststroke,and backstroke. Competition pools are clearly marked for racing and anti turbulence lane lines are used to separate the swimmers and help keep the water calm.The first team or individual to finish the race is the winner. Competitive diving is divided into men's and women's spring-board and platform (high board) events.There are six official groups of dives-forward dive,backward dive,arm stand dive,twist dive,reverse dive,and inward dives.competitors performs a set numbers of dives and after each one a panel of judges
RUGBY IS PLAYED WITH AN OVAL BALL,which may be carried ,thrown,or kicked.There are two codes of rugby.Rugby union is an amateur game played by two teams of 15 players .They can score points in two ways ,by placing the ball by hand over the opponents' goal line(a try,scoring four points) or by kicking it over the cross bar of the opponents goal (a conversion of a try,scoring two points;a penalty kick ,scoring three points;or a drop kick scoring three points). Rugby league developed from the Union game but is played by 13 players at amateur and professional level.In league games ,a try scores four points ;a conversion of a try score two points ,a drop goal scores three points and a penalty kick scores two points.Scrummages occur in both form of game when play stops following an infringement. RUGBY
BASE BALL IS A BALL GAME for two teams of nine players.The batter hits the ball thrown by the opposing team's pitcher ,into the area between the foul lines.He than runs round all four fix bases in order to score a run.,touching or " tagging" each base in turn.The pitcher must throw the ball at a height between the batter's arm pits and knees,a height which is called "Strike zone."A ball pitched in this area that crosses over the "home plate" is called a " strike" ,and the batter has three strikes in which to try and hit the ball.(otherwise he is "struck out"). The fielding team tries to get the batting team out by catching the ball before it bounces, tagging a player of the batting team with the ball who is running between bases,or by tagging a base before the p
TARGET SHOOTING AND ARCHERY EVOLVED as practices for hunting and battle skills.Modern bows,although designed according to the principles of early hunting bows use laminates,fiberglass,Dacron and carbon,and are equipped with sights and stabilizers.Competitors in target archery shoot over distances of 30 m(100ft),50 m(165ft),70m(230ft),and 90 m(300ft) for men,and 30 m(100ft),50m(165ft),60m(200ft)and 70m(230ft) for women.The closer the shoot is to center of the target , the higher the score.The individual scores are added up ,and the Archer with the highest total wins the competition. Crossbows are used in match competitions over 10 m(33ft),and 30 m(100ft). Rifle shooting is divided into three categories ;small bore,big-bore,and air rifle. SHOOTING Contests takes place over a variety of distances and further subdivisions
WATER BORNE SPORTS are varied as the craft used. There are two disciplines in rowing;,sweep rowing, in which each rower has one oar and a sculling ,in which rower used two oars.There are a number of different Olympic and competitive rowing events for both men and women.The number of rowers and weight classes vary.Some rowing events use a coxswain ; a steersman who does not row but directs the crew.Kayaks and canoes are used in straight sprint and slalom races. Slalom races takes place over a course consisting of 20 to 25 gates,including at least six upstream gates. In yacht racing , competitors must complete prescribed courses, organized by the race committees, in the shortest possible time using sale power only.Olympic events include classes for keel boats, dinghies,and catamarans
EQUESTRIAN SPORTS HAVE TAKEN PLACE through out the world for centuries; events involving mounted horses were recorded in the Olympic games of 642 BC.Show jumping ,is however ,is a much more recent innovation,and the first competitions were held at the beginning of the 1900s.In this sport ,horse and rider must negotiate a course of variable ,unfixed obstacles,making as few mistakes as possible. Showjumping fences consists of wooden stands,known as standards or wings,that support planks or poles.Part of the fences are designed to collapse on impact ,preventing injuries to horse and rider .Judges penalize competitors for errors such as knocking down the obstacles,refusing jumps,or deviating from the course.Depending on the type of competition ,the rider with fewest faults,most points,or fastest time wins. There are two types of horse